Pollution Control Essay Example

Pollution Control Paper To what extent is pollution control a key strategy in reducing health risk. Introduction Pollution is a harmful change in the natural environment caused by human activities: This may be the release of substances which are toxic to either animals or plants, or it may be the release of energy (heat, light, radiation, or sound) which interferes with the development of animals or plants. As claimed by http://www. Sambas. Co. UK/pollution. HTML. This would indicate that control would involve minimizing health risks. Health is defined as a complete state of mental, physical and social well-being, with the absence of disease or infirmity. (WHO website) therefore health risk is stated as the possibility that something unpleasant or unwelcome will happen. The amount and types of pollution can correlate to varied types Of health risk; this report will investigate the complex causes of health risk and how pollution control can minimize effects. There are different types of pollution. The first type of pollution is air pollution that is caused by emissions of harmful substances into the air from vehicles and factories etc. Air pollution results in acid rain, ozone depletion and smog. Water pollution is caused when things that deteriorate water quality become a part of it. Next type is land, or also known as, soil pollution that occurs due to the accumulation of solid waste and other non degradable materials into the soil. Another type of pollution is noise pollution that is common in cities and occurs when the level of noise is so high that it is uncomfortable. We will write a custom essay sample on Pollution Control specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Pollution Control specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Pollution Control specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Another type is radioactive pollution that is caused by the increased use of nuclear energy, although it does not release pollutants like CO, it is still harmful due to the high penetrating power. The last type of pollution is thermal or heat pollution that adds heat to the environment and increases the temperature of the environment. Effective and sustainable management of pollution To what extent is pollution control a key strategy in reducing health risk'[pick] Reducing morbidity and mortality and improving life quality. Figure 1 exhibits the health risk equation: [Health risk = Risk + Vulnerability Management] How far? This enables the calculation of anything that would cause an individual harm (health risk) which involves the specific type of disease (risk) added to the likeliness a person is to be affected (vulnerability) minus the different management techniques. The equation allows one to calculate the health risk, whilst minimizing the actual risk and vulnerability of the individual. Pollution can be sustained or incidental. Sustained pollution is an example of the problem people face in China. Black carbon is a major component of Chinese haze, with a small diameter, meaning particles can penetrate deep inside the lungs. Chinas emissions of nitrogen oxide have increased 3. 8% a year for 25 years. Http://facilitations. Com/ Or pollution can be incidental; such examples would include Opal and Coherency. This report will discuss he following case studies in order to conclude the extent to which pollution control is a key strategy in reducing health risk; Opal demonstrates effects of incidental pollution on both the environment and the economy and how better management of pollution control can contribute to helping reduce health risk. China faces a more sustained problem of pollution, this report will compare and contrast the dangers of health risk and how they are heightened in this country; respiratory diseases affect a large proportion of the population, this could be reduced through better pollution control. Skin cancer in Australia is focused more on lifestyle choices affecting the risk factor, and whether pollution control will help rule out one of the main causes of death in Australia. HIVE/AIDS is a virus which attacks the immune system, Malaria is caused by a vector-Bourne disease and Obesity is a lifestyle choice. These are dependent on environmental, economic and social factors and dont necessarily involve pollution in the developing of health risk; this is to demonstrate the fact that it is too complex and far-fetched to outweigh any possible health risk just by undermining pollution. How Primary, secondary and tertiary management of risks are controlled determine as to whether diseases will re-emerge or be ruled out. Key players involved in this process include- Governments, WHO, EUNICE. Palliative, curative and vertical strategies are examples of pollution control management that will be discussed further in this report. This report will cross-section the complex causes of health risk and how pollution control may or may not reduce health risks, including reference to climate change. Models; To help in assessing how pollution control could reduce health risk the oodles that will be demonstrated in this report include the externalities gradient which shows the closer people were to the explosion in Opal, the more affected they were. The epidemiology model can be analyses to help come to a stronger conclusion, backing up one or both sides of the argument. It also explains the relationship between development and GAP of a nation. The Sunsets Curve clarifies why China faces such a difficulty with pollution and how population are dependent on almost double that of an MEDIC such as the [J. Methodology; To prevent bias, cross-sectioning of websites were undertaken. The Blacksmith Report was used to gather information on areas where pollution control is greatly needed, or is already being carried out. The World Health Organization (WHO) is involved in this report, sourcing has been carried out to establish the information collected from the website. This website was used for pollution in China along with Facts and Details however the information cannot be guaranteed entirely reliable, therefore a range Of sources such as the Lancet and Gee-file articles were also a part of the research. Pollution in China and management of this health risk is collectively issued and sub-sectioned into facts and figures of pollution and its risk to the population, along with inequalities amongst health care. However the management of pollution alone will not guarantee a reduction of health risks altogether. The difference in sustainable pollution management is that the source of the health risk is abolished, which involves air, land and water sources. How effective the removal of the pollution source will be is to whether re-emergent diseases will continue affecting health or not, some health risks dont correlate individually with pollution such as HIVE/AIDS and Malaria, but environmental impacts and funding may increase or decrease the chances of the health risks becoming a an epidemic. Malaria is related indirectly to pollution through climate change, as the warmer the temperature, the more foreseeable the habitat is to develop into breeding for the mosquitoes. Strategies such as nets and possible vaccines are strategies keen to reducing Malaria deaths across continents such as Africa; these will have a greater impact on health risk than pollution control. Whether management is high in sustainability classes it as a key strategy in reducing lath risk, the source being dealt with effectively will lead to longer term management of the risk, with shorter term treatment of just symptoms being classed more unsustainable. Cure is more successful than prevention as there is still the risk of re-emergent diseases. With the case study of obesity, the key players involved in try to lower this steep gradient include www. Objectifications. Org/ The campaign to end obesity (CEO), NASH, Governments, Educational Advisers, BMW. Acquisitivenesss. Org/ node/ 11932 Preventing childhood obesity. These are all examples of effective measures of controlling a health risk, obesity doesnt correlate with pollution at all, and therefore it cannot be a strategy to reduce all health risks, just those in relation with it. For pollution control to be most effective, all players involved in the management have to contribute to see a difference, its one thing saying to reduce pollution but another thing to start management. Lifestyle choices are just as important as pollution control; individuals have as much contribution as companies do. Australias skin cancer is an example of this. Advertisements such as Smart introduced campaigns to encourage he use of sun cream, hats and t-shirts as an effective measure of reducing the risks of Skin cancer, especially amongst children. Cancer organization websites such as http://www. Cancer. Org. AU/conversationalist/Smart/ Contradistinctions rest. HTML evaluate the risks and dangers of the sun, as well as the statistics of how many Australians are diagnosed with skin cancer daily. The methods of prevention I. E. Slip, Slop, Slap have helped reduced numbers since previous years as there is no cure. However preventing sun cancer involves the media, government, education to alert awareness on the kiss and how easy it is to develop; pollution control doesnt necessary aid in reducing skin cancer directly, on the other hand, pollution is related to ozone depletion and global warming. Thus making the XIV rays more harmful, therefore in the long term, pollution control could be claimed a key strategy in reducing health risk, just not straight away. Opal was a health shock to all its residents; the disastrous incident shows how pollution control can reduce health risk. Factual websites such as www. World-nuclear. Org/info/coherency/ infix . HTML and online newspaper websites http://www. Radian. Co. UK/ environment/opal were used in gather information on the Coherency case study, some sites proving more helpful than others so cross-sectioning was carried out including Wisped http://en. Wisped. Org/wick/Opal_disaster and the BBC report http://news. BBC. Co. UK/notations/hi/dates/stories/ December/3/newsier_2698000/2698709. Stem to gain a more reliable perspective. This report will examine whether prevention on the pollution incident was at all possible or if it was down to poorer managed pollution control that risked the lives of many in the area. The accident was in allegations to pollution directly and so will lead assistance in claiming how far of an extent pollution control is in reducing health risks. Case studies; Pollution is a great risk to health in China. According to the World Bank and WHO between 300,000 and 350,000 people die from indoor and outdoor air pollution and that 16 of the worlds top 20 cities with the worst air are in China. This could be a result of the cities being full of heavy industries, metal smelters and coal fired power plants; sending tons of carbon, metals and gases into the air. Only a third of the 340 Chinese cities that are monitored et Chinas own pollution standards. Coal has been tied to a number of health problems. In towns like Chicago in Shania, it has been linked with a high number of birth defects such as neural tube defects, cleft pallets and congenital heart disease. Underground coal fires are consuming 20 to 30 million tons of Coal a year, pumping tons of ash, carbon dioxide, methane and carbon monoxide into the atmosphere. These types of air pollution cause premature births, low-birth weight babies and lung cancer- which is now the leading cause of death in China. In the last five years the number of deaths from the disease has risen 18. % to 34 per 100,000 people. Recent policies have encouraged desertification and other filleting technology in power plants, from 2005-2009, China cut its sulfur dioxide emissions by between million and million tons. Beijing introduced environmental standards for buildings, and millions of homes have converted from coal to gas, with dozens of high polluting factories relocating or being forced shut. In 2008, the Olympics was held in China, so in this period more than 50,000 smog-producing taxis were taken off the streets and replaced with more environmentally friendly models, cars with even numbered license latest were barred from driving two days in the week, cars with odd numbered license plates were barred from driving another two days of the week. More than 4,000 buses were put in operation that ran on natural gas and produced virtually no emissions. This proves effective measures of pollution control can aid in controlling risks to health, in this instance, the focus is more on curing the health risk by limiting pollution rather than just masking the factors. On the other hand, risks to health arent just down to pollution and how well it is managed, but how the health risk is dealt with. Health inequalities are present in China as consequences of regional differences of both health financing and health care use. Equality in healthcare refers to a system in which services are distributed according to need rather than socioeconomic status. Chinas health inequalities have risen from simple matters such as imbalances in government and market roles leaving some areas more developed than others. This then leads to questions of fairness and health distribution in the country; due to the economic boom China has since struggled with simple necessities to keep even health distribution. This questions how effective managing pollution would be to reducing health risks, because the way in which health risks are dealt with is uneven; depending more on your status than the threat to your life. It is far too complex to simply state controlling pollution will minimize lung cancer and respiratory diseases in China, because the health care is as equal to blame as well. Pollution control is essential to reduce health risk, in order to reduce incidents of air pollution affecting the lives of Chinas population. In this instance there is clear factual evidence and statistics which prove the relation between pollution and putting health in danger. The reduction and better managed pollution control has already seen a decline in the amount of health problems since the strict regulations of the 2008 Olympics, with less pollutants and emissions affecting both health and the environment will assist in reducing risks to wellbeing. However not just pollution control is essential, health care plays just as an important role in reducing a health risk, some diseases related with pollution such as respiratory illnesses or lung cancer, can be as easily treated if health care is offered to the individual. Due to the segregated distribution of health care services, the likeliness of one individual being treated over another because of their certain socioeconomic status is highly likely. Ruling out all possible risks of pollution involves the way they are treated. Pollution control is an important strategy in reducing health risks, but it is not the only one that plays a part. Some researchers suggest that economic development eventually reduces environmental damages per capita when sufficient wealth and technology allows nations to adopt clean production methods and move towards a service-based economy. Also, environmental quality is generally considered a normal good meaning that people will demand more of it as they become wealthier. The Environmental Sunsets Curve hypothesis demonstrates a relationship between economic development and environmental damages. According to this logic, environmental damage per capita increases in the early stages of economic development, reaches a maximum, and then declines as a nation attains higher levels of income. If the evidence supported this hypothesis, then it would imply that economic development will eventually promote a cleaner environment. [pick The Environmental Sunsets Curve This shows pollution fatigue in reducing health risk. However, the relationship does not appear to demonstrate the situation in China; as environmental impacts such as carbon dioxide emissions tend to show a positive relationship with average income. This means that carbon emissions are expected to increase as the economic growth occurs. China is one of the worlds wealthiest countries, with an ever expanding population. In addition, the economic development alone is a relevant factor in determining environmental impacts, as well as the distribution of resources. Sustainable development focuses on the imperative of reducing economic inequalities along with preserving the environment. This concludes that although the effects of pollution in China is tormenting the economy; costing health services thousands to treat respiratory diseases, the source of this pollution is from the economy. This seems to be the worst health risk of the entirely country, with two in three Australians being diagnosed with skin cancer by the time they are 70. The aim of this campaign is to discourage bathing in the sun for long periods of time, especially at the hottest part of the day between 11 and 3, the advertisement of Slip, Slop, Slap which has been a popular TV commercial for over 20 years aims to target vulnerable age groups such as children to encourage shade, clothing and sun-cream to protect their skin from the suns damaging rays. Pollution control isnt necessarily a major factor for the encounter of skin cancer; on the other hand, it is indirectly related. The emissions and pollutants intoxicating the atmosphere cause ozone depletion and global warming therefore causing climate change. The more harmful the suns rays the increased chance of developing skin cancer. Long term management should involve pollution control to aim to decrease the amount of skin cancer statistics each year, along with key players such as overspent, education, and specific campaigns targeting the use of cancer preventing materials like clothes. The economy and media is partly to blame for the inclination of skin cancer reported, because it was seen as trendy to have a tan as portrayed in many magazines and TV shows; however this had a huge impact on the residents of Australia who werent aware of the risks, just the fact they wanted to look how celebrities did, because it was the norm. The economy should be stricter on regulating rules about the sun, even with the high numbers of skin cancer; there were still few campaigns and organizations that raise awareness and funding for those with the illness. So for short-term management, raising awareness Of the risks and how easily skin cancer is developed would be a more important strategy than pollution control as in this case, pollution isnt directly putting an individuals health at risk. The incidental pollution that struck Opal is still having repercussions 20 years on. Local doctors claim that most babies here are underweight and below normal size. Satanist Sarongs, from the Samba clinic, said that people in the district suffered from blood and other disorders and that their load hemoglobin levels are far below normal.

Free Essays on Pope John XXIII

Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli or Pope John XXIII Was born in 1881, the third of thirteen children in a peasant family in Sotto il Monte, near Bergamo. yet due to his intelligence he was able to get out .He was sponsored for an education at the Bergamo seminary, which carried out a severe religious training. When Roncalli was ordained, in 1904, the Church was fearful and inward looking. In 1871, with the loss of the Papal States to the modern nation of Italy and the restriction of Vatican sovereignty to its current borders, Pope Pius IX was very concerned and in this state of mind, he had forbidden Italy's Catholics from taking any part in national politics. Roncalli's first assignment as a priest was as secretary to the new Bishop of Bergamo, Giacomo Radini-Tedeschi. Bishop Radini-Tedeschi was a reformer who sought to re-involve the Church in the world. In August of 1915 it was discovered that Radini-Tedeschi had cancer. Pope Pius XII died on October 9, 1958, and the conclave began two weeks later. Roncalli was elected on the twelfth ballot, taking the name John XXIII. It was rumored that the top choice was really Giovanni Battista Montini; but he was considered unelectable because he was not yet a cardinal . Many believed that John had been elected as a papa di passagio, a transitional pope. He was seventy-seven years old. The first session of the Council dealt with liturgical reform and voted to allow Mass to be said in the vernacular; and proposed a reactionary, divisive schema defining the sources of revelation. When the schema was rejected by slightly less than the needed two-thirds majority of the bishops, John intervened personally to order a new commission to redraft it. By the end of the first session, he was dying of stomach cancer. On November 27, 1961, he suffered a massive intestinal hemorrhage. The Vatican press office issued a report that he had a bad cold; rumors flew around Rome that he was already dead and that ... Free Essays on Pope John XXIII Free Essays on Pope John XXIII Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli or Pope John XXIII Was born in 1881, the third of thirteen children in a peasant family in Sotto il Monte, near Bergamo. yet due to his intelligence he was able to get out .He was sponsored for an education at the Bergamo seminary, which carried out a severe religious training. When Roncalli was ordained, in 1904, the Church was fearful and inward looking. In 1871, with the loss of the Papal States to the modern nation of Italy and the restriction of Vatican sovereignty to its current borders, Pope Pius IX was very concerned and in this state of mind, he had forbidden Italy's Catholics from taking any part in national politics. Roncalli's first assignment as a priest was as secretary to the new Bishop of Bergamo, Giacomo Radini-Tedeschi. Bishop Radini-Tedeschi was a reformer who sought to re-involve the Church in the world. In August of 1915 it was discovered that Radini-Tedeschi had cancer. Pope Pius XII died on October 9, 1958, and the conclave began two weeks later. Roncalli was elected on the twelfth ballot, taking the name John XXIII. It was rumored that the top choice was really Giovanni Battista Montini; but he was considered unelectable because he was not yet a cardinal . Many believed that John had been elected as a papa di passagio, a transitional pope. He was seventy-seven years old. The first session of the Council dealt with liturgical reform and voted to allow Mass to be said in the vernacular; and proposed a reactionary, divisive schema defining the sources of revelation. When the schema was rejected by slightly less than the needed two-thirds majority of the bishops, John intervened personally to order a new commission to redraft it. By the end of the first session, he was dying of stomach cancer. On November 27, 1961, he suffered a massive intestinal hemorrhage. The Vatican press office issued a report that he had a bad cold; rumors flew around Rome that he was already dead and that ...

Case study #2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

#2 - Case Study Example With the intention to solve these issues, the CEO started his activities firstly from visiting the workplace of one of its rigs, named ‘Voyager 7’. The rig was quite small comprising 150 employees with a blend of skilled, unskilled and immigrant labours. Soon he began to depict that there was clear discrimination practiced in the workplace with regard to the living conditions and the working conditions of the lower level employees and the upper level employees. The upper level employees, who were also the immigrants, were provided with far better treatment in comparison to that of the local African employees. The local authorities of the government, despite being aware of the situation were never involved in taking any potential action to resolve the racial discrimination practiced within the organisation. After analysing the situation from the view point of the CEO, inferences have been drawn through the SWOTT analysis. Weaknesses: The situation has major drawbacks with the workplace environment being full of discrimination. Employees are treated differently on the basis of their nationality, race and designations, raising Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) related concerns, which might diminish stakeholders’ confidence on the company. Threats: The discrimination prevailing in the workplace is a threat to the integrity of the workplace. Owing to the absence of communication between the lower level employees and upper level employees, the expectation of effective performance of this rig is highly unrealistic. Trends: If the situation continues in this trend, chances of conflicts between the upper level and lower level employees are highly uncertain. Moreover, legal authorities might also halt the operations of the entire business owing to the illegal practices of discrimination in the workplace. The alternatives will need to be evaluated considering the objectives of the company regarding CSR, ensuring equality

Movie review Much Ado About Nothing Shakespeare Assignment - 1

Movie review Much Ado About Nothing Shakespeare - Assignment Example I do not like the way characters in the film appear half naked during house parties. The film portrays a life pursuit of pleasure, such as drinking, dancing and making love that to some extent becomes immoral (Canby). Benedict and Beatrice are in a funny and sarcastic relationship that makes the film more appealing. Benedict himself is a funny character in the way he acts in the film. His humor is mainly found in act 2 scenes 3, especially when he falls with a chair after overhearing Don Pedro, leonate and Claudio saying that Beatrice is in love with him. I would recommend this film to adults because it is funny and involve issues that only adults can comprehend such as love affairs, sex and marriage (Canby). I have decided to examine Don John as one of the characters in the film. There are a lot of similarities in the way Don John is portrayed in the text and in the film. In the act 2, scene 1 of the film, Don John is portrayed as a jealous man (Canby). He does not like Claudio for being in relationship with the Hero. He is also jealous of Don Pedro, his half-brother, for being Claudio’s ‘wingman’ in his relationship with the Hero. Similarly, Don John is portrayed in the text as being jealous that makes him villain to an extent of breaking the relationship between Claudio and hero. The film portrays Don John as being villainy especially through his actions and the way he dresses. During the mask part held in a Tuscan villa, Don John is portrayed wearing a red evil mask implying that he is evil in his actions. However, the final scene of the film portrays how Don John gets low props after being arrested for attempts to break the relationship between Claudio and Hero (Canby). The film has applied the quality of motion in act 2, Scene 3. The camera moves to cover a wide area of the Leonato’s garden. It brings a sensual appeal to the audience and simultaneously communicates the

The South East Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The South East Plan - Essay Example From the discussion it is clear that the main issue of concern within the plan is affordable housing. Affordable housing can be defined as the provision of housing through the use of a subsidy obtained from local authorities such that rent will be considerably lower than prevailing market prices. The plan suggests that number and quality of affordable houses should be increased.This essay stresses that  the main reason is that there are a number of homeless households in the South East Region. These households need to be catered for in the housing plan. Statistics from the Regional Housing Strategy show that 4.5% of households in the region belong to this category and together they represent a whooping 11% of all the homeless households in England. These facts necessitate a need for immediate action to be taken and this is why housing is relevant as an issue in the plan.  Housing also needs to be addressed as a main issue because there is a serious need for affordability in this area. Renting and purchasing houses in South East is too expensive; the area is the second most expensive place to rent in England. This poses a serious problem to development in the region because people find themselves living in distant houses. This means that most of their time is spent while commuting. Commuting brings about more carbon wastes, thus contributing to poor air quality and pollution in general. In addition, commuting causes a waste of time and resources that could otherwise have been directed to more productive issues.

Backbone network Essay Example for Free

Backbone network Essay The chapter starts out explaining how a BN (Backbone Network) works. Backbone Network: Connecting all of the LANs of an organization entails another type of network (BN). A properly designed backbone network provides a high-speed circuit that serves as the central conduit across which the LANs of an organization can communicate. They can also be used to connect LANs within a building, across a campus, and, increasingly, across much greater distances. A BN, as indicated by its name, is a network of its own. Besides connecting the various network segments, the backbone may have its own devices that can be accessed by other network segments Metropolitan area network (MAN): MAN spans a city and is often used to connect remote BNs. MAN in some cases can be considered a citywide BN and as the geographic distances they cover have increased, especially with the use of fiber-optics. BNs connect networks between floors of a building, across a city, or between states and countries. BN and MAN are sometimes used interchangeably, based on the scope of the BN. Network Segments: Each individual LAN owned by an organization is reffered to as a network segment. Horizontal Segment: A moderate- to large-scale organization might have a network segment on each floor of a multistory building. Because each network segment, or LAN, typically occupies its own floor, this type of network segment is often referred to as a horizontal network. For example, assume that a business occupies three floors of a building. On each floor is a separate LAN, or horizontal network segment. Vertical Network: LANs could, and probably would, be connected to each other by a BN. This type of multi-floor connection is an example of a vertical network. The BN in this instance is the central connecting cable running vertically from floor to floor that enables the horizontal networks to communicate with each other. Part of configuration analysis includes determining how each network segment connects to the BN. Generally, each network segment is connected to the BN using either a switch or a router. Deciding which Backbone Protocol to use? Questions to ask: 1) Traffic Demands 2) Constant Communication 3) Mostly Independent Gigabyte Ethernet: is a very popular choice for BNs. The IEEE’s initial standard for Gigabit Ethernet is the 802.3z standard. Gigabit Ethernet allows for a data rate of 1,000 Mbps, or 1 Gbps. A major advantage of all of the officially recognized forms of Gigabit Ethernet is that each form builds on the standards of the preexisting Ethernet protocol. This means that the MAC layer and access method for Gigabit Ethernet are the same as those for standard and Fast Ethernet. Additionally, Gigabit Ethernet supports both half- and full-duplex communications. Other protocols that might be used for a backbone include Frame Relay (FR) and Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM). Frame Relay and ATM are also frequently associated with WANs. As such, discussion of Frame Relay and ATM will be reserved for Chapter 7, which focuses on WANs. Backbone Architecture: two most common BN architectures are distributed and collapsed. Factors that influence a business’s decision as to which architecture to use include business needs, the condition of the physical facility (sometimes called the plant or campus), how users need to communicate, and the budget. The larger and more complex the organization, the more critical the decision becomes as to what type of backbone architecture to use. It can be very costly to change an existing backbone architecture once one has been put in place. Distributed Backbone: runs throughout the entire enterprise. This type of backbone uses a central cable to which the network segments are connected. The central cable, which is the backbone, requires its own protocol, such as Gigabit Ethernet; it is also its own network. The backbone is considered to be distributed because each network segment has its own cabled connection to the backbone. The backbone is distributed to the LANs by connecting the LANs to the backbone. They maybe connected with routers and switches. In some cases even servers. A distributed backbone typically has separate routers that connect each logical network to the backbone. Because separate routers are used, internetwork traffic may have to pass through several routers to reach its destination. One advantage of a distributed backbone is that it allows resources required by most, if not all, internetworking users to be placed directly on the BN. Collapsed Backbone: connects all of the network segments to a centra l, single router or switch. This central device is, in effect, the backbone. The network segments typically connect to the central backbone device by means of a hub, switch, or router. Because only a single,central backbone device is used, cabling is greatly reduced. Furthermore, additional connecting devices are not required. A collapsed backbone can result in significant cost savings. Backplane: is an internal, high-speed communications bus that is used in place of the connecting cables found in a distributed backbone. Because fiber-optic cabling is used to connect network segments to the collapsed backbone’s backplane, long distances are possible. With fiber-optic cabling, network segments may be widely scattered across a building or even a campus. Backbone Fault Tolerance: is the capability of a technology to recover in the event of error, failure, or some other unexpected event that disrupts organizational communications and functions. Should the backbone fail for some reason, internetworking may no longer be possible. In such an event, business could come to a standstill and, depending on the recovery time, irreparable damage may occur. However, if fault tolerance has been built into the backbone, internetworking will likely still be possible. Fault tolerance will determine its ability to survive an error, damage, or some other unforeseen circumstance. Redundant Backbone: Should one backbone become unavailable, the other can still be used for internetworking traffic. Furthermore, using a redundant backbone also allows for the load balancing of internetworking traffic. By placing half of the network segments on each backbone, internetworking traffic is shared, or balanced, across the backbones, resulting in improved communications performance. It is also VERY expensive. Wiring Closet: The patch panel is usually housed in the wiring closet. The wiring closet may also contain servers that provide resources across the enterprise. In a multifloor design, wiring closets are usually placed one above the other. Placing the wiring closets in vertical alignment greatly facilitates their connection. Data Center: usually moderately to largely spaced and house all of the necessary networking equipment for the entire enterprise in a central location. As with wiring closets, data centers should be tightly secured and environmentally appropriate for the equipment they house. The data center may contain routers, switches, servers, and even network segment hubs that connect individual devices to their network segment. Rack: Hubs, Servers, Switches, Routers are bolted to them. Packet Errors: Related to Early Collisions and Late Collisions Early Collisions: Collisions in an Ethernet network are to be expected, and the collisions themselves are not a problem. However, when too many collisions occur, say, 5 percent or more of the total packets, then corrective measures are needed. If this happens too often, the segment network may have to be split. Late Collisions: can be caused by excessive cable lengths. Another potential cause is the use of too many repeaters. Late collisions can result in lost packets that require retransmission by higher-level protocols. Runts: Too small of a packet, may result from a defective NIC. They are also caused when a transmitting device stops transmission in the middle of a packet due to the detection of a collision. Runts can never be entirely eliminated, because they result from normal collisions, but when the number of runts is greater than the monitored number of collisions, a problem is indicated, may be caused by a defective NIC. Giants: Too large of a packet, and usually caused by a jabbering NIC. Jabbering: NIC is one that is transmitting continuously and incorrectly. Unlike runts, giants are not the result of a normal Ethernet operation, and therefore indicate a definite problem. Whereas a bad NIC is the mostly likely cause of a giant, another hardware device may also be faulty or a cable segment may be defective. If a NIC or cable segment is found to be the cause of the problem, the best solution is to remove and discard the failing component and replace it with a new one. Broadcast Storm: When the total broadcast traffic reaches or exceeds a rate of 126 packets per second, a broadcast storm results. The major problem with such a storm is that it is self-sustaining, resulting in a flood of garbage packets that eventually consume all network bandwidth, preventing any other valid communications from occurring. SMDS (Switched Multimegabit Data Services): supports the exchange of data between LANs in different parts of a city or between network segments over a large campus. SMDS is a packet-switched datagram service for high-speed MAN traffic. SMDSIP (Switched Multimegabit Data Services Interface Protocol): provides for three layers of protocols that define user information frame structuring, addressing, error control, and overall transport. SMDSIP Level 1 defines the physical interfaces and the type of trans- mission medium and signaling system used. SMDSIP Level 2 provides an access method, defined in IEEE Project 802.6, that is referred to as a distributed queue dual bus (DQDB). (It is beyond the scope of this text to go into the details of DQDB; however, it is interesting to note that the access method used is not contention or token passing, but one called distributed queues.) SMDSIP Level 3 accepts user data and adds header and trailer information to it for processing by the SMDS network.

The Articles of Confederation :: American America History

The Articles of Confederation The Articles of Confederation was the first constitution of the United States of America. The Articles of Confederation were first drafted by the Continental Congress in Philadelphia Pennsylvania in 1777. This first draft was prepared by a man named John Dickinson in 1776. The Articles were then ratified in 1781. The cause for the changes to be made was due to state jealousies and widespread distrust of the central authority. This jealousy then led to the emasculation of the document. As adopted, the articles provided only for a "firm league of friendship" in which each of the 13 states expressly held "its sovereignty, freedom, and independence." The People of each state were given equal privileges and rights, freedom of movement was guaranteed, and procedures for the trials of accused criminals were outlined. The articles established a national legislature called the Congress, consisting of two to seven delegates from each state; each state had one vote, according to its size or population. No executive or judicial branches were provided for. Congress was charged with responsibility for conducting foreign relations, declaring war or peace, maintaining an army and navy, settling boundary disputes, establishing and maintaining a postal service, and various lesser functions. Some of these responsibilities were shared with the states, and in one way or another Congress was dependent upon the cooperation of the states for carrying out any of them. Four visible weaknesses of the articles, apart from those of organization, made it impossible for Congress to execute its constitutional duties. These were analyzed in numbers 15-22 of The FEDERALIST, the political essays in which Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay argued the case for the U.S. CONSTITUTION of 1787. The first weakness was that Congress could legislate only for states, not for individuals; because of this it could not enforce legislation. Second, Congress had no power to tax. Instead, it was to assess its expenses and divide those among the states on the basis of the value of land. States were then to tax their own citizens to raise the money for these expenses and turn the proceeds over to Congress. They could not be forced to do so, and in practice they rarely met their obligations. Third, Congress lacked the power to control commerce--without its power to conduct foreign relations was not necessary, since most treaties except those of peace were concern ed mainly with trade.

Middle Woodland

The communities in the Middle Woodland Period possess creative beginnings, essential factors of which are native people, a history of domination and existing and widened transferring of the population from various places and societies. This has led in one of the most varied and differentiated communities in the globe, with almost a thousand ethnic societies (Applegate, 2005). Every one of these ethnic communities has its own definitive traits and characteristics and as a consequence of history, territorial variances and inner and outer migration of people, including differences associated to essential elements such as status, sex and territorial setting. The concept of settlement and subsistence based on the Middle Woodland Period includes diversity, involving the emergence of a powerful existence of aborigines and profiles. This illustrates meaningful topics for the Middle Woodland Period communities: the implications of being a member of a community; the interaction between local and individual profiles; establishing and employing in both the connecting and dividing elements in a community with various ethnicities; and the type and scenario of an incoming leadership and governance system (Fortier, 2001). Under the Middle Woodland Period, community is connected to human ecology with regard to the organizations, mechanisms for survival, and the way of thinking of the people, motives and quality of life. It tops the complicated box of concepts which portrays daily happenings in life and attitudes–the comprehensions and assumptions which leads the people’s initiatives and communications with other members of the community. The Swift Creek community existed during the periods of 1-400 CE, while the Santa Rosa society in Western Florida existed during the periods from 150-500 CE. The start of the Middle Woodland indicated a change of settlement to the Interior. As the Middle Woodland era went on, domestic and foreign exchange of exotic products tremendously improved to the point where a trade mechanism became existent on the Chesapeake Bay. Amongst the Southern and northern parts of the Chesapeake Bay, burial areas of significant people were very evident and possessed various presents, most of which were not recognizable to the people (Ritzenthaler, 1991). The most evident archaeological site in the place of burial sites during this period was in the Chesapeake Bay, and is now pertained to as the Hopewell culture. Due to the likeness of works and burial gifts, experts predict a traditional norm of religious beliefs and customs and cultural communication that was present throughout the entire territory (also pertained to as a Hopewell Communication Sphere). However, this could also be seen as the consequence of the fair exchange of goods and/or responsibilities between local families that managed particular regions. Access to food or other basic needs external to a family's region would be done through special agreements with other people. Family leaders would then be laid to rest along with presents obtained from their business partners to represent the interactions they had formed. Under this situation, permanent communities would obviously be established, leading to improved agricultural gains and an increase in the density of people as well (Wittry, 1994). Although majority of the Middle Woodland customs and beliefs are pertained to as â€Å"Hopewellian,† and in spite of the shared ceremonial customs and beliefs, independent beliefs and customs have been established during the Middle Woodland era. These involve the Swift Creek and the Copena beliefs and customs. References Applegate, D, 2005. Woodland Period Systematics in the Middle Ohio Valley.   University Alabama Press Fortier, A, 2001. The Dash Reeves Site: A Middle Woodland Village and Lithic Production Center in the American Bottom.   Illinois Transportation Ritzenthaler, R, 1991. The Woodland Indians of the Western Great Lakes. Waveland Press Wittry, W, 1994. The Holdener Site: Late Woodland, Emergent Mississippian, and Mississippian Occupations in the American Bottom Uplands (11-S-685). Illinois Transportation

Devotion of Love

Love is unreasonable. It makes us suffer and leads us to unexpected decisions. Love gives us enough power to fight, making us powerless against our desire to produce an impression on others. Whether we love our parents or our friends, we nevertheless feel the need to prove the relevance of our feelings to others. James Joyce’s Araby and D. H. Lawrence’s The Rocking Horse Winner teach us to be more attentive to what we usually call love.The two stories shape the two different visions of love: while Joyce’s love borders on arrogance, Lawrence’s feelings border on insanity, both leading to spiritual frustration and physical self-destruction. Love is always surrounded by illusions. In both Araby and The Rocking Horse Winner, love is associated with frustration, which comes as a result of dreams which never come true. â€Å"Every morning I lay on the floor in the front parlour watching her door. The blind was pulled down to within an inch of the sash so that I could not be seen.When she came out on the doorstep my heart leaped† (Joyce). Really, is there anything better than seeing a wonderful girl across the street and dreaming about her beauty? These dreams however, are shaped in ways that do not provide the protagonist with a single chance to make them true. The situation is similar with Lawrence’s boy Paul, who vainly tries to protect his mother from financial problems. â€Å"He went off by himself, vaguely, in a childish way, seeking for the clue to ‘luck’.Absorbed, taking no heed of other people, he went about with a sort of stealth, seeking inwardly for luck. He wanted luck, he wanted it, he wanted it† (Lawrence). In his trying to find consolation in gambling, Paul looks very similar to Joyce’s character. In the bazaar or during a horse race, both position love as the object of trade, and the success of their spiritual strivings depends on their ability to earn or purchase a certain amount of material values. That these materialistic strivings are initially doomed to failure neither Joyce, nor Lawrence can conceal.They turn these material sensations into an effective literary instrument with the aim to prove and confirm the eternal truth: love cannot be bought; nor can it be sold. The tragic mistake which Joyce’s impersonal character and Lawrence’s boy Paul make on their way to love is replacing the value of true feelings with the value of money. Their failures are not in that they cannot earn or buy enough to satisfy the material needs of others. Their failure is in that they initially agree to play this material game and silently accept the rules set by others.Their love makes them blind, and they obviously overestimate their strengths, efforts, and abilities to realize their dreams and hidden desires. â€Å"Paul’s mother touched the whole five thousand. Then something very curious happened. The voices in the house suddenly went mad, like a choru s of frogs on a spring evening. There were certain new furnishings and Paul had a tutor† (Lawrence). Not the tutor and not the new furnishings, but the inner voice was telling Paul that something was wrong – the voice which Paul consciously refused to hear.The same unknown voice might have been telling Joyce’s character to keep from making an unnecessary purchase. There, in the middle of the bazaar, the young boy is gradually realizing that love does have its limits – the social and material limits, which society has imposed on him against his will. Joyce and Lawrence are similar in a sense that they re-evaluate simple human feelings through the prism of social complexities. The latter make love impossible and unachievable to those, who do not have financial capital.Both characters are the victims of their own feelings. Regardless whether these feelings border on arrogance or on material insanity, they inevitably lead to moral or physical self-destruction. Conclusion For years and centuries, love was the source of literary inspiration. In case of Joyce and Lawrence however, love has become the mirror of the major society’s flaws. Limited and decreased to an object of social trade, in both stories love appears as the instrument of one’s spiritual and physical self-destruction.Both stories position love as the object of gambling, and those who love do not have any other choice, but to accept the rules of this tragic materialistic game. The two stories form the two different pictures of one feeling and teach us a good lesson: when replaced with materialism and combined with arrogance or material insanity, our feelings turn us into the prisoners of our own unbelievably unrealistic desires; and how virtuous these desires may seem, they do not give us a single chance to be loved.

Diet Nutrition essays

Diet Nutrition essays Heath like love or happiness, is a quality of life that is difficult to define and virtually impossible to measure. Our bodies drive fuel (energy) from the food we eat. There are six major nutrients come to use in food: Proteins; Carbohydrates; fats; Vitamins; minerals and water. Each nutrient is essential for a major roll for a good healthy life style that would keep us stress free, and in good physical condition. Protein is source to keep up with or highly motivated, driven bodies. Protein builds, repairs and maintains the cells of virtually everybody tissue. It also supplies energy when the bodies carbohydrate and fat reserves have exhausted. Protein cannot be stored and we need it 24 hours a day for building, repairing and maintaining the skin, bones, muscles and organs that is essential for a healthy fit body. Carbohydrates are our chief source of energy and treasured trove of vitamins and minerals. That keep or digestive tracks clean and healthy. Carbohydrates go in are digested system quickly and convert into glucose provides energy for the brain, the nervous system and the muscles. It works like a fires kindling, helping to burn the denser fuel of fat more efficient, provides more sustained energy over a greater length of times and are the initial source used in the aerobic phase of exercise Fat is the second most important energy source; the trick is to eat only the correct types of fats. Basically there are few special fats, such as salmon, pilchards, mackeral mussels. These are called essential fatty acids, and lineoic acid these special fats are extremely important to the human body that turn in to testosterone. Also its our most concentrated form of energy and is the fuel your body burns during long session of exercise. Vitamins are like a shield that assists the proteins, fats and carbohydrates in fulfilling their different function in the body. Ther ...

Lumbini Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Lumbini - Essay Example It was in the month of May, 642 BC when Maya Devi on her way to Devadaha , her parents home gave birth to Lord Buddha while resting under a sal tree . The nativity scene of Lord Buddha was built by the Malla kings during their rule which lasted from the 11th to the 15th century in the Karnali zone of Nepal . This wonderful work of sculpture which was initiated by the kings of the Naga Dynasty is worshipped not only by the Buddhists but by the Hindus as well. When Lumbini was visited by Ashoka, the Emperor, in 249 BC, it was a prosperous village. The stone pillar with a horse on its top and the four stupas which we come across on our visit to Lumbini was built by him during this period . From the inscription on the Stone Pillar we can also derive the information that it was during this visit that taxes were reduced on the village and it was subjected to only eight parts. (Insoll, 66) However despite being one of the stalwarts in Indian History, Lumbini was subjected to negligence for several centuries till the time a famous German archeologist while traveling around the foothills of the Churiya range discovered the great pillar in the year 1895 . His name was Feuhrer. At a later stage the existence of a Brick temple and a sculpture of sandstone carrying images of Buddha’s birth was found. After further exploration it was found that the temple of Maya Devi was possibly built on one of the Ashokan stupa itself . On the south of this temple is a bathing pool named Puskarni which is considered to be sacred and the pages of history reveal that in this pool Maya Devi took a bath before giving birth

Impact of collaborative learning Research Paper

Impact of collaborative learning - Research Paper Example I have examined the impact of collaborative learning on students by use of simple regression analysis. The results indicate that collaborative learning had a positive effect on the performance of students. The study shows the proportion of collaborative learning to performance. The study also highlights areas of further study. Although the traditional classroom learning has it advantages, it is very imperative for a school to adopt collaborative learning as this will develop the students academically and socially (Inaja & Eraywoke, 2010, p.46). Introduction Collaborative learning is a scenario where individuals engage in learning mutually through taking part in discussions. It involves individuals learning together and taking advantages of each other skills, experience and resources. Collaborative learning is also a tutoring technique in which learners at different performance stages learn together in small groups toward a universal objective. On the other hand, traditional classroom is the process of learning where teachers give knowledge by use of lectures. The students are passive in the classrooms, but they write the ideas down. The exchange of ideas in the discussion groups not only increase exchange of ideas, but also promote critical and creative thinking. Most of the research studies conducted have been concentrated on the primary and secondary levels. There is convincing proof that supportive groups attain at elevated levels of thinking and maintain information longer than students who labor as individuals. The mutual erudition provides learners with a chance to connect in argument, take accountability for their own knowledge, and hence become decisive thinkers. Collaborative learning is founded on the suggestion that knowledge is more proactive through social action where learners actively engage in the learning modules and learning materials. Learners will absorb knowledge more easily through connecting with each other in the group discussion. Collab orative learning will give learners an opportunity to get exposed to dissimilar and varied environment. Learners will communicate, present and support thoughts, and exchange principles that they feel need engagements (Wei-Fan & Chung-Pei, 2011, p.57). The system incorporates social interaction in studies and makes learning more enjoyable and easy to comprehend. The method takes place when students are dynamically occupied in an area where studying takes place through clear or inherent attempts. The method involves a cognitive process by which teachers act as facilitators and students as recipients of knowledge. Collaborative learning method involves the use of networks, virtual classrooms, periodic group tests, and the use of dialogue. Collaborative learning has been tested and analyzed through tools that are designed to offer students a grasp of the learning experience. Furthermore, the method ensures that students and teachers engage each other in the learning process and undertak e constructive dialogue in class. Although, the method does not